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Victoria Cross (Canada)
The Victoria Cross ((フランス語:Croix de Victoria)), created in 1993, is a military decoration and the highest award within the Canadian honours system, taking precedence over all other orders, decorations, and medals. It is awarded by either the Canadian monarch or his or her viceregal representative, the Governor General of Canada, to any member of the Canadian Forces or allies serving under or with Canadian military command for extraordinary valour and devotion to duty while facing hostile forces. Whereas in many other Commonwealth countries the relevant version of the Victoria Cross can only be awarded for actions against the enemy in a wartime setting, the Canadian government has a broader definition of the term ''enemy'', and so the Victoria Cross can be awarded for action against armed mutineers, pirates, or other such hostile forces without war being officially declared. Recipients are entitled to use the post-nominal letters ''VC'' (for both English and French) and also to receive an annuity of C$3,000. The decoration has not been awarded since its inception.
==Origin==
The original Victoria Cross was created via a Royal Warrant issued on 29 January 1856 with the royal sign-manual of Queen Victoria, and was intended to recognize demonstrations of gallantry during the Crimean War, regardless of either a man's social status or his record of service. Initially, the Victoria Cross could not be conferred on colonial troops,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Victoria Cross Heroes )〕 until Major Charles Heaphy received the medal for his actions under British command in 1864, after which the Victoria Cross was made available to all "local forces under imperial command." The cross could also not be awarded posthumously until the policy was reversed in 1902.〔
Until 1972, 81 members of the Canadian military (including those from Newfoundland) and 13 Canadians serving in British units had been awarded the Victoria Cross. After that date, however, the Canadian honours system was overhauled, and the Victoria Cross was eliminated from the official list of honours, instigating a decades-long debate on whether or not to reinstate the decoration. The prime minister at the time, Pierre Trudeau, regularly dodged questions about the Victoria Cross, stating that "only Canadians should receive Canadian decorations."〔Campbell, Murray; Moore, Oliver (3 March 2007). "Top honour now cast in Canada". ''The Globe and Mail''. Retrieved 9 June 2007 〕 It was his successor, Brian Mulroney, who set up in 1987 a committee to look into the creation of a Canadian Victoria Cross as part of a new series of military honours. Although the committee did not recommend the Victoria Cross—names such as the ''Canada Cross'' and the ''Cross of Military Valour'' were put forward〔—the creation of an Australian Victoria Cross in 1991 and pressure from ''The Globe and Mail'' and advocacy groups, such as the Monarchist League of Canada and the Royal Canadian Legion, forced the plans to be amended; in 1991, a private member's bill received all-party support in the House of Commons, following which the Victoria Cross, along with other Canadian military valour decorations, were on 31 December 1992 formally requested by Mulroney. The request was approved with the issue of letters patent by Queen Elizabeth II on 2 February of the following year, thereby ceasing Canadian dependence on the British honours system.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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